Edit on GitHub

sqlglot.dialects.redshift

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import typing as t
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    NormalizationStrategy,
  8    concat_to_dpipe_sql,
  9    concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
 10    date_delta_sql,
 11    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
 12    json_extract_segments,
 13    no_tablesample_sql,
 14    rename_func,
 15)
 16from sqlglot.dialects.postgres import Postgres
 17from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
 18from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 19
 20if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
 21    from sqlglot._typing import E
 22
 23
 24def _build_date_delta(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
 25    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
 26        expr = expr_type(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
 27        if expr_type is exp.TsOrDsAdd:
 28            expr.set("return_type", exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
 29
 30        return expr
 31
 32    return _builder
 33
 34
 35class Redshift(Postgres):
 36    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
 37    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 38
 39    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
 40    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
 41    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
 42
 43    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'"
 44    TIME_MAPPING = {
 45        **Postgres.TIME_MAPPING,
 46        "MON": "%b",
 47        "HH": "%H",
 48    }
 49
 50    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 51        FUNCTIONS = {
 52            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 53            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 54                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 55                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 56                unit=exp.var("month"),
 57                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 58            ),
 59            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 60            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 61            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 62            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 63            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 64            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 65            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 66        }
 67
 68        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 69            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 70            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 71            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, transaction=True),
 72        }
 73
 74        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 75
 76        def _parse_table(
 77            self,
 78            schema: bool = False,
 79            joins: bool = False,
 80            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 81            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 82            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 83            parse_partition: bool = False,
 84        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 85            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 86            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
 87            table = super()._parse_table(
 88                schema=schema,
 89                joins=joins,
 90                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
 91                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
 92                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
 93            )
 94
 95            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
 96
 97        def _parse_convert(
 98            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
 99        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
100            to = self._parse_types()
101            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
102            this = self._parse_bitwise()
103            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
104
105        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
106            index = self._index - 1
107            func = self._parse_function()
108
109            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
110                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
111            self._retreat(index)
112            return None
113
114    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
115        BIT_STRINGS = []
116        HEX_STRINGS = []
117        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
118
119        KEYWORDS = {
120            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
121            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
122            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
123            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
124            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
125            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
126        }
127        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
128
129        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
130        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
131        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
132
133    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
134        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
135        QUERY_HINTS = False
136        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
137        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
138        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
139        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
140        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
141        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
142        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
143
144        TYPE_MAPPING = {
145            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
146            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
147            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
148            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
149            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
150            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
151            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
152        }
153
154        TRANSFORMS = {
155            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
156            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
157            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
158            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
159            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
160            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
161                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("transaction") else "GETDATE()"
162            ),
163            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
164            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
165            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
166            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
167            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
168            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
169            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
170            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
171            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
172            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
173            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
174                [
175                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
176                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
177                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
178                ]
179            ),
180            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
181            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
182            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
183            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
184            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
185            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
186            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
187            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
188            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
189        }
190
191        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
192        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
193
194        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
195        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
196
197        # Redshift supports ANY_VALUE(..)
198        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
199
200        # Redshift supports LAST_DAY(..)
201        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
202
203        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
204            "aes128",
205            "aes256",
206            "all",
207            "allowoverwrite",
208            "analyse",
209            "analyze",
210            "and",
211            "any",
212            "array",
213            "as",
214            "asc",
215            "authorization",
216            "az64",
217            "backup",
218            "between",
219            "binary",
220            "blanksasnull",
221            "both",
222            "bytedict",
223            "bzip2",
224            "case",
225            "cast",
226            "check",
227            "collate",
228            "column",
229            "constraint",
230            "create",
231            "credentials",
232            "cross",
233            "current_date",
234            "current_time",
235            "current_timestamp",
236            "current_user",
237            "current_user_id",
238            "default",
239            "deferrable",
240            "deflate",
241            "defrag",
242            "delta",
243            "delta32k",
244            "desc",
245            "disable",
246            "distinct",
247            "do",
248            "else",
249            "emptyasnull",
250            "enable",
251            "encode",
252            "encrypt     ",
253            "encryption",
254            "end",
255            "except",
256            "explicit",
257            "false",
258            "for",
259            "foreign",
260            "freeze",
261            "from",
262            "full",
263            "globaldict256",
264            "globaldict64k",
265            "grant",
266            "group",
267            "gzip",
268            "having",
269            "identity",
270            "ignore",
271            "ilike",
272            "in",
273            "initially",
274            "inner",
275            "intersect",
276            "interval",
277            "into",
278            "is",
279            "isnull",
280            "join",
281            "leading",
282            "left",
283            "like",
284            "limit",
285            "localtime",
286            "localtimestamp",
287            "lun",
288            "luns",
289            "lzo",
290            "lzop",
291            "minus",
292            "mostly16",
293            "mostly32",
294            "mostly8",
295            "natural",
296            "new",
297            "not",
298            "notnull",
299            "null",
300            "nulls",
301            "off",
302            "offline",
303            "offset",
304            "oid",
305            "old",
306            "on",
307            "only",
308            "open",
309            "or",
310            "order",
311            "outer",
312            "overlaps",
313            "parallel",
314            "partition",
315            "percent",
316            "permissions",
317            "pivot",
318            "placing",
319            "primary",
320            "raw",
321            "readratio",
322            "recover",
323            "references",
324            "rejectlog",
325            "resort",
326            "respect",
327            "restore",
328            "right",
329            "select",
330            "session_user",
331            "similar",
332            "snapshot",
333            "some",
334            "sysdate",
335            "system",
336            "table",
337            "tag",
338            "tdes",
339            "text255",
340            "text32k",
341            "then",
342            "timestamp",
343            "to",
344            "top",
345            "trailing",
346            "true",
347            "truncatecolumns",
348            "type",
349            "union",
350            "unique",
351            "unnest",
352            "unpivot",
353            "user",
354            "using",
355            "verbose",
356            "wallet",
357            "when",
358            "where",
359            "with",
360            "without",
361        }
362
363        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
364            args = expression.expressions
365            num_args = len(args)
366
367            if num_args > 1:
368                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
369                return ""
370
371            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
372            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
373            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
374
375        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
376            """Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it"""
377            return self.properties(properties, prefix=" ", suffix="")
378
379        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
380            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
381                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
382                return self.sql(expression, "this")
383
384            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
385
386        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
387            """
388            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
389            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
390            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
391            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
392            """
393            if expression.is_type("text"):
394                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
395                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
396
397                if not precision:
398                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
399
400            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
class Redshift(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres):
 36class Redshift(Postgres):
 37    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
 38    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
 39
 40    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
 41    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
 42    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
 43
 44    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'"
 45    TIME_MAPPING = {
 46        **Postgres.TIME_MAPPING,
 47        "MON": "%b",
 48        "HH": "%H",
 49    }
 50
 51    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 52        FUNCTIONS = {
 53            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 54            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 55                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 56                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 57                unit=exp.var("month"),
 58                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 59            ),
 60            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 61            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 62            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 63            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 64            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 65            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 66            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 67        }
 68
 69        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 70            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 71            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 72            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, transaction=True),
 73        }
 74
 75        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 76
 77        def _parse_table(
 78            self,
 79            schema: bool = False,
 80            joins: bool = False,
 81            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 82            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 83            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 84            parse_partition: bool = False,
 85        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 86            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 87            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
 88            table = super()._parse_table(
 89                schema=schema,
 90                joins=joins,
 91                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
 92                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
 93                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
 94            )
 95
 96            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
 97
 98        def _parse_convert(
 99            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
100        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
101            to = self._parse_types()
102            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
103            this = self._parse_bitwise()
104            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
105
106        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
107            index = self._index - 1
108            func = self._parse_function()
109
110            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
111                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
112            self._retreat(index)
113            return None
114
115    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
116        BIT_STRINGS = []
117        HEX_STRINGS = []
118        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
119
120        KEYWORDS = {
121            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
122            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
123            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
124            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
125            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
126            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
127        }
128        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
129
130        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
131        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
132        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
133
134    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
135        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
136        QUERY_HINTS = False
137        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
138        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
139        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
140        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
141        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
142        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
143        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
144
145        TYPE_MAPPING = {
146            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
147            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
148            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
149            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
150            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
151            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
152            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
153        }
154
155        TRANSFORMS = {
156            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
157            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
158            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
159            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
160            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
161            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
162                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("transaction") else "GETDATE()"
163            ),
164            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
165            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
166            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
167            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
168            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
169            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
170            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
171            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
172            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
173            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
174            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
175                [
176                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
177                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
178                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
179                ]
180            ),
181            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
182            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
183            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
184            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
185            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
186            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
187            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
188            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
189            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
190        }
191
192        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
193        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
194
195        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
196        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
197
198        # Redshift supports ANY_VALUE(..)
199        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
200
201        # Redshift supports LAST_DAY(..)
202        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
203
204        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
205            "aes128",
206            "aes256",
207            "all",
208            "allowoverwrite",
209            "analyse",
210            "analyze",
211            "and",
212            "any",
213            "array",
214            "as",
215            "asc",
216            "authorization",
217            "az64",
218            "backup",
219            "between",
220            "binary",
221            "blanksasnull",
222            "both",
223            "bytedict",
224            "bzip2",
225            "case",
226            "cast",
227            "check",
228            "collate",
229            "column",
230            "constraint",
231            "create",
232            "credentials",
233            "cross",
234            "current_date",
235            "current_time",
236            "current_timestamp",
237            "current_user",
238            "current_user_id",
239            "default",
240            "deferrable",
241            "deflate",
242            "defrag",
243            "delta",
244            "delta32k",
245            "desc",
246            "disable",
247            "distinct",
248            "do",
249            "else",
250            "emptyasnull",
251            "enable",
252            "encode",
253            "encrypt     ",
254            "encryption",
255            "end",
256            "except",
257            "explicit",
258            "false",
259            "for",
260            "foreign",
261            "freeze",
262            "from",
263            "full",
264            "globaldict256",
265            "globaldict64k",
266            "grant",
267            "group",
268            "gzip",
269            "having",
270            "identity",
271            "ignore",
272            "ilike",
273            "in",
274            "initially",
275            "inner",
276            "intersect",
277            "interval",
278            "into",
279            "is",
280            "isnull",
281            "join",
282            "leading",
283            "left",
284            "like",
285            "limit",
286            "localtime",
287            "localtimestamp",
288            "lun",
289            "luns",
290            "lzo",
291            "lzop",
292            "minus",
293            "mostly16",
294            "mostly32",
295            "mostly8",
296            "natural",
297            "new",
298            "not",
299            "notnull",
300            "null",
301            "nulls",
302            "off",
303            "offline",
304            "offset",
305            "oid",
306            "old",
307            "on",
308            "only",
309            "open",
310            "or",
311            "order",
312            "outer",
313            "overlaps",
314            "parallel",
315            "partition",
316            "percent",
317            "permissions",
318            "pivot",
319            "placing",
320            "primary",
321            "raw",
322            "readratio",
323            "recover",
324            "references",
325            "rejectlog",
326            "resort",
327            "respect",
328            "restore",
329            "right",
330            "select",
331            "session_user",
332            "similar",
333            "snapshot",
334            "some",
335            "sysdate",
336            "system",
337            "table",
338            "tag",
339            "tdes",
340            "text255",
341            "text32k",
342            "then",
343            "timestamp",
344            "to",
345            "top",
346            "trailing",
347            "true",
348            "truncatecolumns",
349            "type",
350            "union",
351            "unique",
352            "unnest",
353            "unpivot",
354            "user",
355            "using",
356            "verbose",
357            "wallet",
358            "when",
359            "where",
360            "with",
361            "without",
362        }
363
364        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
365            args = expression.expressions
366            num_args = len(args)
367
368            if num_args > 1:
369                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
370                return ""
371
372            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
373            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
374            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
375
376        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
377            """Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it"""
378            return self.properties(properties, prefix=" ", suffix="")
379
380        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
381            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
382                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
383                return self.sql(expression, "this")
384
385            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
386
387        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
388            """
389            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
390            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
391            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
392            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
393            """
394            if expression.is_type("text"):
395                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
396                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
397
398                if not precision:
399                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
400
401            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

INDEX_OFFSET = 0

The base index offset for arrays.

COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'AM': '%p', 'PM': '%p', 'D': '%u', 'DD': '%d', 'DDD': '%j', 'FMDD': '%-d', 'FMDDD': '%-j', 'FMHH12': '%-I', 'FMHH24': '%-H', 'FMMI': '%-M', 'FMMM': '%-m', 'FMSS': '%-S', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'MI': '%M', 'MM': '%m', 'OF': '%z', 'SS': '%S', 'TMDay': '%A', 'TMDy': '%a', 'TMMon': '%b', 'TMMonth': '%B', 'TZ': '%Z', 'US': '%f', 'WW': '%U', 'YY': '%y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'MON': '%b', 'HH': '%H'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python strftime formats.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (\n) to its unescaped version ( ).

tokenizer_class = <class 'Redshift.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Redshift.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Redshift.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%p': 'PM', '%u': 'D', '%d': 'DD', '%j': 'DDD', '%-d': 'FMDD', '%-j': 'FMDDD', '%-I': 'FMHH12', '%-H': 'FMHH24', '%-M': 'FMMI', '%-m': 'FMMM', '%-S': 'FMSS', '%I': 'HH12', '%H': 'HH', '%M': 'MI', '%m': 'MM', '%z': 'OF', '%S': 'SS', '%A': 'TMDay', '%a': 'TMDy', '%b': 'MON', '%B': 'TMMonth', '%Z': 'TZ', '%f': 'US', '%U': 'WW', '%y': 'YY', '%Y': 'YYYY'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'p': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'z': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'a': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'Z': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}, 'U': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v', '\\': '\\\\'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "e'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
class Redshift.Parser(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser):
 51    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
 52        FUNCTIONS = {
 53            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
 54            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
 55                this=seq_get(args, 0),
 56                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
 57                unit=exp.var("month"),
 58                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
 59            ),
 60            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 61            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
 62            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 63            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
 64            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
 65            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
 66            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
 67        }
 68
 69        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
 70            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
 71            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
 72            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, transaction=True),
 73        }
 74
 75        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
 76
 77        def _parse_table(
 78            self,
 79            schema: bool = False,
 80            joins: bool = False,
 81            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
 82            parse_bracket: bool = False,
 83            is_db_reference: bool = False,
 84            parse_partition: bool = False,
 85        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
 86            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
 87            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
 88            table = super()._parse_table(
 89                schema=schema,
 90                joins=joins,
 91                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
 92                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
 93                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
 94            )
 95
 96            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
 97
 98        def _parse_convert(
 99            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
100        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
101            to = self._parse_types()
102            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
103            this = self._parse_bitwise()
104            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
105
106        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
107            index = self._index - 1
108            func = self._parse_function()
109
110            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
111                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
112            self._retreat(index)
113            return None

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

Arguments:
  • error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
  • error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
  • max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function build_timestamp_trunc>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FIRST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function _build_regexp_replace>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_to_timestamp>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'DATEADD': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'GETDATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'LISTAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'STRTOL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NEXT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'APPROXIMATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSDATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.parser.Parser
Parser
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
TYPE_TOKENS
SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
RESERVED_TOKENS
DB_CREATABLES
CREATABLES
ID_VAR_TOKENS
INTERVAL_VARS
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
ALIAS_TOKENS
COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
TRIM_TYPES
FUNC_TOKENS
CONJUNCTION
EQUALITY
COMPARISON
TERM
FACTOR
TIMES
TIMESTAMPS
SET_OPERATIONS
JOIN_METHODS
JOIN_SIDES
JOIN_KINDS
JOIN_HINTS
LAMBDAS
EXPRESSION_PARSERS
UNARY_PARSERS
STRING_PARSERS
NUMERIC_PARSERS
PRIMARY_PARSERS
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
ALTER_PARSERS
ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
SET_PARSERS
SHOW_PARSERS
TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
TRANSACTION_KIND
TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
CONFLICT_ACTIONS
CREATE_SEQUENCE
ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
USABLES
CAST_ACTIONS
INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
CLONE_KEYWORDS
HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
WINDOW_SIDES
JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
FETCH_TOKENS
ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
DISTINCT_TOKENS
NULL_TOKENS
UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
SELECT_START_TOKENS
STRICT_CAST
PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
TABLESAMPLE_CSV
DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
STRING_ALIASES
MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
UNION_MODIFIERS
NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
INTERVAL_SPANS
SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
error_level
error_message_context
max_errors
dialect
reset
parse
parse_into
check_errors
raise_error
expression
validate_expression
errors
sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser
PROPERTY_PARSERS
FUNCTION_PARSERS
BITWISE
EXPONENT
RANGE_PARSERS
STATEMENT_PARSERS
JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
COLUMN_OPERATORS
class Redshift.Tokenizer(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Tokenizer):
115    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
116        BIT_STRINGS = []
117        HEX_STRINGS = []
118        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
119
120        KEYWORDS = {
121            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
122            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
123            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
124            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
125            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
126            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
127        }
128        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
129
130        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
131        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
132        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
BIT_STRINGS = []
HEX_STRINGS = []
STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\', "'"]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, '~': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, '@@': <TokenType.DAT: 'DAT'>, '@>': <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>, '<@': <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>, '|/': <TokenType.PIPE_SLASH: 'PIPE_SLASH'>, '||/': <TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH: 'DPIPE_SLASH'>, 'BEGIN TRANSACTION': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BIGSERIAL': <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CONSTRAINT TRIGGER': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CSTRING': <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DO': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'HSTORE': <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'NAME': <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, 'OID': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'OPERATOR': <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, 'REFRESH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REINDEX': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RESET': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REVOKE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SERIAL': <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, 'SMALLSERIAL': <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, 'REGCLASS': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCOLLATION': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCONFIG': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGDICTIONARY': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGNAMESPACE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPER': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPERATOR': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROC': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROCEDURE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGROLE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGTYPE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'HLLSKETCH': <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, 'SUPER': <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'UNLOAD': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VARBYTE': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: 'HEREDOC_STRING'>}
class Redshift.Generator(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator):
134    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
135        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
136        QUERY_HINTS = False
137        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
138        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
139        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
140        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
141        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
142        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
143        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
144
145        TYPE_MAPPING = {
146            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
147            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
148            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
149            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
150            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
151            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
152            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
153        }
154
155        TRANSFORMS = {
156            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
157            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
158            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
159            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
160            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
161            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
162                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("transaction") else "GETDATE()"
163            ),
164            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
165            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
166            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
167            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
168            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
169            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
170            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
171            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
172            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
173            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON_PARSE"),
174            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
175                [
176                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
177                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
178                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
179                ]
180            ),
181            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
182            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
183            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
184            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
185            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
186            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
187            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
188            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
189            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
190        }
191
192        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
193        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
194
195        # Redshift uses the POW | POWER (expr1, expr2) syntax instead of expr1 ^ expr2 (postgres)
196        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pow)
197
198        # Redshift supports ANY_VALUE(..)
199        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
200
201        # Redshift supports LAST_DAY(..)
202        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
203
204        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
205            "aes128",
206            "aes256",
207            "all",
208            "allowoverwrite",
209            "analyse",
210            "analyze",
211            "and",
212            "any",
213            "array",
214            "as",
215            "asc",
216            "authorization",
217            "az64",
218            "backup",
219            "between",
220            "binary",
221            "blanksasnull",
222            "both",
223            "bytedict",
224            "bzip2",
225            "case",
226            "cast",
227            "check",
228            "collate",
229            "column",
230            "constraint",
231            "create",
232            "credentials",
233            "cross",
234            "current_date",
235            "current_time",
236            "current_timestamp",
237            "current_user",
238            "current_user_id",
239            "default",
240            "deferrable",
241            "deflate",
242            "defrag",
243            "delta",
244            "delta32k",
245            "desc",
246            "disable",
247            "distinct",
248            "do",
249            "else",
250            "emptyasnull",
251            "enable",
252            "encode",
253            "encrypt     ",
254            "encryption",
255            "end",
256            "except",
257            "explicit",
258            "false",
259            "for",
260            "foreign",
261            "freeze",
262            "from",
263            "full",
264            "globaldict256",
265            "globaldict64k",
266            "grant",
267            "group",
268            "gzip",
269            "having",
270            "identity",
271            "ignore",
272            "ilike",
273            "in",
274            "initially",
275            "inner",
276            "intersect",
277            "interval",
278            "into",
279            "is",
280            "isnull",
281            "join",
282            "leading",
283            "left",
284            "like",
285            "limit",
286            "localtime",
287            "localtimestamp",
288            "lun",
289            "luns",
290            "lzo",
291            "lzop",
292            "minus",
293            "mostly16",
294            "mostly32",
295            "mostly8",
296            "natural",
297            "new",
298            "not",
299            "notnull",
300            "null",
301            "nulls",
302            "off",
303            "offline",
304            "offset",
305            "oid",
306            "old",
307            "on",
308            "only",
309            "open",
310            "or",
311            "order",
312            "outer",
313            "overlaps",
314            "parallel",
315            "partition",
316            "percent",
317            "permissions",
318            "pivot",
319            "placing",
320            "primary",
321            "raw",
322            "readratio",
323            "recover",
324            "references",
325            "rejectlog",
326            "resort",
327            "respect",
328            "restore",
329            "right",
330            "select",
331            "session_user",
332            "similar",
333            "snapshot",
334            "some",
335            "sysdate",
336            "system",
337            "table",
338            "tag",
339            "tdes",
340            "text255",
341            "text32k",
342            "then",
343            "timestamp",
344            "to",
345            "top",
346            "trailing",
347            "true",
348            "truncatecolumns",
349            "type",
350            "union",
351            "unique",
352            "unnest",
353            "unpivot",
354            "user",
355            "using",
356            "verbose",
357            "wallet",
358            "when",
359            "where",
360            "with",
361            "without",
362        }
363
364        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
365            args = expression.expressions
366            num_args = len(args)
367
368            if num_args > 1:
369                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
370                return ""
371
372            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
373            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
374            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
375
376        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
377            """Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it"""
378            return self.properties(properties, prefix=" ", suffix="")
379
380        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
381            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
382                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
383                return self.sql(expression, "this")
384
385            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
386
387        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
388            """
389            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
390            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
391            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
392            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
393            """
394            if expression.is_type("text"):
395                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
396                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
397
398                if not precision:
399                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
400
401            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

Arguments:
  • pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
  • identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
  • normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
  • pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
  • indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a WHERE clause. Default: 2.
  • normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
  • unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
  • max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
  • leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
  • max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
  • comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True
LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'SMALLINT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'DOUBLE PRECISION', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>: 'TIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function json_path_key_only_name>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContained'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function filter_array_using_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function no_paren_current_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function _datatype_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>: <function no_map_from_entries_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Merge'>: <function merge_without_target_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function str_position_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function no_trycast_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function concat_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint'>: <function generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TableSample'>: <function no_tablesample_sql>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'for', 'system', 'both', 'oid', 'do', 'without', 'placing', 'aes256', 'check', 'permissions', 'mostly8', 'limit', 'between', 'lzo', 'only', 'minus', 'text32k', 'intersect', 'outer', 'partition', 'session_user', 'into', 'when', 'readratio', 'in', 'interval', 'bzip2', 'else', 'like', 'or', 'bytedict', 'as', 'percent', 'initially', 'backup', 'globaldict64k', 'current_timestamp', 'user', 'encrypt ', 'null', 'true', 'globaldict256', 'delta32k', 'current_date', 'not', 'type', 'luns', 'blanksasnull', 'disable', 'ilike', 'inner', 'distinct', 'localtime', 'mostly32', 'offset', 'lun', 'nulls', 'localtimestamp', 'enable', 'current_user_id', 'on', 'explicit', 'primary', 'cross', 'restore', 'truncatecolumns', 'union', 'order', 'column', 'references', 'end', 'unnest', 'wallet', 'aes128', 'asc', 'desc', 'left', 'using', 'resort', 'new', 'lzop', 'recover', 'encode', 'to', 'offline', 'sysdate', 'overlaps', 'all', 'snapshot', 'right', 'grant', 'binary', 'where', 'allowoverwrite', 'array', 'respect', 'gzip', 'having', 'some', 'select', 'join', 'foreign', 'encryption', 'except', 'unique', 'default', 'group', 'isnull', 'table', 'any', 'old', 'natural', 'mostly16', 'full', 'pivot', 'off', 'deflate', 'timestamp', 'emptyasnull', 'unpivot', 'delta', 'leading', 'top', 'identity', 'deferrable', 'analyse', 'and', 'create', 'credentials', 'open', 'trailing', 'from', 'false', 'tag', 'cast', 'notnull', 'text255', 'az64', 'current_time', 'verbose', 'collate', 'authorization', 'tdes', 'parallel', 'is', 'case', 'with', 'current_user', 'then', 'rejectlog', 'defrag', 'similar', 'raw', 'analyze', 'constraint', 'freeze', 'ignore'}
def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str:
364        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
365            args = expression.expressions
366            num_args = len(args)
367
368            if num_args > 1:
369                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
370                return ""
371
372            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
373            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
374            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
def with_properties(self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties) -> str:
376        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
377            """Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it"""
378            return self.properties(properties, prefix=" ", suffix="")

Redshift doesn't have WITH as part of their with_properties so we remove it

def cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
380        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
381            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
382                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
383                return self.sql(expression, "this")
384
385            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DataType) -> str:
387        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
388            """
389            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
390            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
391            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
392            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
393            """
394            if expression.is_type("text"):
395                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
396                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
397
398                if not precision:
399                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
400
401            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

Redshift converts the TEXT data type to VARCHAR(255) by default when people more generally mean VARCHAR of max length which is VARCHAR(max) in Redshift. Therefore if we get a TEXT data type without precision we convert it to VARCHAR(max) and if it does have precision then we just convert TEXT to VARCHAR.

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>}
Inherited Members
sqlglot.generator.Generator
Generator
NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
EXPLICIT_UNION
WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
LIMIT_FETCH
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
GROUPINGS_SEP
INDEX_ON
QUERY_HINT_SEP
IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
LIMIT_IS_TOP
RETURNING_END
COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
COLLATE_IS_FUNC
DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
ENSURE_BOOLS
CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
INSERT_OVERWRITE
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
OUTER_UNION_MODIFIERS
COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
STAR_MAPPING
TIME_PART_SINGULARS
TOKEN_MAPPING
STRUCT_DELIMITER
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
pretty
identify
normalize
pad
unsupported_level
max_unsupported
leading_comma
max_text_width
comments
dialect
normalize_functions
unsupported_messages
generate
preprocess
unsupported
sep
seg
pad_comment
maybe_comment
wrap
no_identify
normalize_func
indent
sql
uncache_sql
cache_sql
characterset_sql
column_parts
column_sql
columnposition_sql
columndef_sql
columnconstraint_sql
computedcolumnconstraint_sql
autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
compresscolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
transformcolumnconstraint_sql
primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
createable_sql
create_sql
sequenceproperties_sql
clone_sql
describe_sql
heredoc_sql
prepend_ctes
with_sql
cte_sql
tablealias_sql
bitstring_sql
hexstring_sql
bytestring_sql
unicodestring_sql
rawstring_sql
datatypeparam_sql
directory_sql
delete_sql
drop_sql
except_sql
except_op
fetch_sql
filter_sql
hint_sql
indexparameters_sql
index_sql
identifier_sql
inputoutputformat_sql
national_sql
partition_sql
properties_sql
root_properties
properties
locate_properties
property_name
property_sql
likeproperty_sql
fallbackproperty_sql
journalproperty_sql
freespaceproperty_sql
checksumproperty_sql
mergeblockratioproperty_sql
datablocksizeproperty_sql
blockcompressionproperty_sql
isolatedloadingproperty_sql
partitionboundspec_sql
partitionedofproperty_sql
lockingproperty_sql
withdataproperty_sql
withsystemversioningproperty_sql
insert_sql
intersect_sql
intersect_op
introducer_sql
kill_sql
pseudotype_sql
objectidentifier_sql
onconflict_sql
returning_sql
rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
withtablehint_sql
indextablehint_sql
historicaldata_sql
table_parts
table_sql
tablesample_sql
pivot_sql
version_sql
tuple_sql
update_sql
values_sql
var_sql
into_sql
from_sql
group_sql
having_sql
connect_sql
prior_sql
join_sql
lambda_sql
lateral_op
lateral_sql
limit_sql
offset_sql
setitem_sql
set_sql
pragma_sql
lock_sql
literal_sql
escape_str
loaddata_sql
null_sql
boolean_sql
order_sql
withfill_sql
cluster_sql
distribute_sql
sort_sql
ordered_sql
matchrecognizemeasure_sql
matchrecognize_sql
query_modifiers
queryoption_sql
offset_limit_modifiers
after_limit_modifiers
select_sql
schema_sql
schema_columns_sql
star_sql
parameter_sql
sessionparameter_sql
placeholder_sql
subquery_sql
qualify_sql
set_operations
union_sql
union_op
prewhere_sql
where_sql
window_sql
partition_by_sql
windowspec_sql
withingroup_sql
between_sql
bracket_offset_expressions
all_sql
any_sql
exists_sql
case_sql
constraint_sql
nextvaluefor_sql
extract_sql
trim_sql
convert_concat_args
concat_sql
concatws_sql
check_sql
foreignkey_sql
primarykey_sql
if_sql
jsonkeyvalue_sql
jsonpath_sql
json_path_part
formatjson_sql
jsonobject_sql
jsonobjectagg_sql
jsonarray_sql
jsonarrayagg_sql
jsoncolumndef_sql
jsonschema_sql
jsontable_sql
openjsoncolumndef_sql
openjson_sql
in_sql
in_unnest_op
interval_sql
return_sql
reference_sql
anonymous_sql
paren_sql
neg_sql
not_sql
alias_sql
pivotalias_sql
aliases_sql
atindex_sql
attimezone_sql
fromtimezone_sql
add_sql
and_sql
or_sql
xor_sql
connector_sql
bitwiseand_sql
bitwiseleftshift_sql
bitwisenot_sql
bitwiseor_sql
bitwiserightshift_sql
bitwisexor_sql
currentdate_sql
currenttimestamp_sql
collate_sql
command_sql
comment_sql
mergetreettlaction_sql
mergetreettl_sql
transaction_sql
commit_sql
rollback_sql
altercolumn_sql
alterdiststyle_sql
altersortkey_sql
renametable_sql
renamecolumn_sql
altertable_sql
add_column_sql
droppartition_sql
addconstraint_sql
distinct_sql
ignorenulls_sql
respectnulls_sql
havingmax_sql
intdiv_sql
dpipe_sql
div_sql
overlaps_sql
distance_sql
dot_sql
eq_sql
propertyeq_sql
escape_sql
glob_sql
gt_sql
gte_sql
ilike_sql
ilikeany_sql
is_sql
like_sql
likeany_sql
similarto_sql
lt_sql
lte_sql
mod_sql
mul_sql
neq_sql
nullsafeeq_sql
nullsafeneq_sql
slice_sql
sub_sql
trycast_sql
try_sql
log_sql
use_sql
binary
function_fallback_sql
func
format_args
too_wide
format_time
expressions
op_expressions
naked_property
tag_sql
token_sql
userdefinedfunction_sql
joinhint_sql
kwarg_sql
when_sql
merge_sql
tochar_sql
tonumber_sql
dictproperty_sql
dictrange_sql
dictsubproperty_sql
oncluster_sql
clusteredbyproperty_sql
anyvalue_sql
querytransform_sql
indexconstraintoption_sql
checkcolumnconstraint_sql
indexcolumnconstraint_sql
nvl2_sql
comprehension_sql
columnprefix_sql
opclass_sql
predict_sql
forin_sql
refresh_sql
operator_sql
toarray_sql
tsordstotime_sql
tsordstotimestamp_sql
tsordstodate_sql
unixdate_sql
lastday_sql
dateadd_sql
arrayany_sql
generateseries_sql
struct_sql
partitionrange_sql
truncatetable_sql
convert_sql
copyparameter_sql
credentials_sql
copy_sql
semicolon_sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator
SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
JOIN_HINTS
TABLE_HINTS
PARAMETER_TOKEN
TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS
PROPERTIES_LOCATION
schemacommentproperty_sql
commentcolumnconstraint_sql
bracket_sql
matchagainst_sql